Brutalism Is Back—Here's What to Know About the Controversial Design Style

Few architectural styles provoke as much debate as Brutalism. Once seen as stark and imposing, its unapologetic use of raw concrete and geometric forms is now experiencing a renaissance. Renewed cultural interest from nostalgia-fueled social media and the Oscar-nominated movie The Brutalist have all prompted the once-maligned aesthetic to step back into the spotlight.

But Brutalism isn’t just about architecture anymore. It's also influencing interior design, furniture, and even home décor trends. Whether you’re looking to fully embrace its austere beauty or simply incorporate elements of the striking aesthetic into your home, here’s a closer look at Brutalism’s past, present, and future.

Defining Characteristics

Brutalist architecture and design are instantly recognizable for their bold, no-nonsense aesthetics. Hallmarks of the style include:

• Raw Concrete: Exposed concrete surfaces, often left unfinished, define the look of Brutalist structures. Some designs also incorporate brick, steel, or glass—but concrete remains the primary material.
• Geometric Forms: Brutalist buildings favor rigid, block-like shapes and exaggerated proportions, creating a sense of weight and permanence.
• Function-First Philosophy: Rooted in modernist principles, Brutalist design prioritizes function over decoration, resulting in minimal ornamentation and an emphasis on utility.
• Monolithic Structures: Many Brutalist buildings have fortress-like appearances, characterized by heavy, cantilevered forms and deeply recessed windows.
• Expressive Brutality: Unlike other minimalist styles, Brutalism does not shy away from the roughness of its materials, embracing imperfections and emphasizing texture.

History

Brutalism emerged in the mid-20th century as an architectural response to the need for affordable, functional buildings during the post-war era. Its name comes from the French phrase "béton brut," or "raw concrete"—the term was popularized by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson in the 1950s. However, by then, Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier had already laid its foundation.

Brutalism flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s, and its monolithic aesthetics were showcased in public buildings, government complexes, and university campuses. The movement prioritized function over ornamentation, favoring utilitarian materials and honest, unadorned structures.

By the 1980s, Brutalism fell out of favor. It was criticized as cold, oppressive, and emblematic of urban decay. Many of the style's most quintessential buildings faced neglect or even demolition.

However, in the 21st century, a new wave of appreciation has revived interest in Brutalist design, sparking debates on preservation and inspiring a new generation of designers to reinterpret its principles.

Current Popularity

"Architecture is a more diverse field now and a more collaborative act," says architect Trey Trahan. "As a result, I think contemporary buildings in the Brutalist style are becoming more interesting, refined, and nuanced."

The style has also taken on a different cultural identity. While Brutalism once symbolized governmental authority and urban density, today’s resurgence has reframed it as a bold, avant-garde aesthetic.

Others have long been surrounded by Brutalism in their hometowns, and have found within it new meaning. "Growing up in the 60s and 70s [in Canada] meant that I spent a lot of time in Brutalist buildings, where the style was adopted as an institutional mode," says architect Walker McKinley. "The explicit rejection of historic references, details, and planning—replaced with Brutalism’s expressionist opportunities—has always appealed to me."

In Popular Culture

Film and television have historically embraced Brutalist architecture, particularly when it comes to evoking dystopian atmospheres. Prime examples include A Clockwork Orange and Blade Runner 2049. More recently, A24's The Brutalist has brought more direct and widespread attention to the aesthetic movement, introducing its visual language to an enthusiastic, international audience.

“The Brutalist is wonderful on many levels,” says McKinley. “Interestingly, I think we're seeing the style co-opted into the world of luxury fashion retailing—especially in European brands and activations. YSL, Gucci, and Jill Sander have all opened recent stores or had fashion shows that directly reference a nostalgia for midcentury Brutalist architecture.”

Trahan also sees Brutalism as challenging Western views of beauty. “I’ve always been drawn to classic examples, like Boston City Hall or the Kimbell Art Museum," he says. "Both are contrasting examples of the style, but they're ones that challenged my notions of what concrete, wood, and stone can be.”

How to Get the Look

For those intrigued by Brutalism’s bold look, incorporating its principles into home design can create a striking-yet-livable space. Here’s how to embrace Brutalist design in a modern home.

Embrace Concrete and Industrial Materials

The easiest way to channel Brutalist design is by incorporating raw materials. Concrete floors, exposed brick, or steel accents instantly add an industrial edge. If committing to architectural changes isn’t an option, consider concrete furniture, like dining tables, side tables, or even planters.

Prioritize Simple, Geometric Forms

Furniture and décor should follow Brutalism’s form-first ethos. Opt for blocky, geometric silhouettes in sofas, chairs, and shelving. Look for pieces with sculptural qualities that emphasize weight and solidity.

Keep Color Palettes Neutral

Brutalist interiors typically feature a restrained color palette dominated by grays, charcoals, blacks, and earthy tones. Warmth can be introduced through materials like wood, leather, and wool.

Play With Texture and Depth

Since Brutalism eschews ornamentation, texture becomes a critical design element. Rough concrete surfaces, brushed metals, and unfinished wood add depth and visual interest.